GRE考试形式：中国大陆地区、香港、澳门、韩国目前执行分开考试的形式。由机考（分析性写作）和笔试（语文、数学）组成。
Finally, the notion of scientific determinism opens the door for genetic engineering, which
poses a potential threat to equality in socioeconomic opportunity, and could lead to the
development of a so-caUed "master race." Admittedly, these disturbing implications neither
prove nor disprove the determinists' claims. Nevertheless, assuming that neither free will nor
determinism has been proven to be the correct position, the former is to be preferred by any
humanist and in any democratic society.
In sum, despite the fact that we all experience occasional feelings of being trapped and
having no choice, the statement is fundamentally correct. I would concede that science might
eventually disprove the very notion of free will. However, until that time I'll trust my strong
intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans and, accordingly, that humans
are responsible for their own choices and actions.
Issue 55
"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."
The speaker contends that discovery and progress are made only through mistakes. I
strongly agree with this contention, for two reasons. First, it accords with our personal
experiences. Secondly, history informs us that on a societal level trial-and-error provides the
very foundation for discovery and true progress, in all realms of human endeavor.
To begin with, the contention accords with our everyday experience as humans from early
childhood through adulthood. As infants we learn how to walk by falling down again and again.
As adolescents we discover our social niche, and develop self-confidence and assertiveness,
only by way of the sorts of awkward social encounters that are part-and-parcel of adolescence.
Through failed relationships not only do we discover who we are and are not compatible with,
we also discover ourselves in the process. And, most of us find the career path that suits us
only through trying jobs that don't.
This same principle also applies on a societal level. Consider, for example, how we progress
in our scientific knowledge. Our scientific method is essentially a call for progress through
trial-and-error. Any new theory must be tested by empirical observation, and must withstand
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rigorous scientific scrutiny. Moreover, the history of theoretical science is essentially a history
of trial-and-error. One modern example involves two contrary theories of physics: wave theory
and quantum theory. During the last quarter-century scientists have been struggling to
disprove one or the other--or to reconcile them. As it turns out, a new so-called "string" theory
shows that the quantum and wave theories are mistakes in the sense that each one is
inadequate to explain the behavior of all matter; yet both so-called "mistakes" were necessary
for physics to advance, or progress, to this newer theory.
The value of trial-and-error is not limited to the sciences. In government and politics,
progress usually comes about through dissension and challenge--that is, when people point
out the mistakes of those in power. In fact, without our challenging the mistaken notions of
established institutions, political oppression and tyranny would go unchecked. Similarly, in the
fields of civil and criminal law, jurists and legislators who uphold and defend legal precedent
must face continual opposition from those who question the fairness and relevance of current
laws. This ongoing challenge is critical to the vitality and relevance of our system of laws.
In sum, the speaker correctly asserts that it is through mistakes that discovery and true
progress are made. Indeed, our personal growth as individuals, as well as advances in science,
government, and law, depends on making mistakes.
Issue 56
"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have
often resulted in the greatest discontent."
I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent. In fact, I would
assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the
individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both. Neverthe- less, it is
important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great dis- content can
depend on one's personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time.
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