历史和国家
(81对国家历史的热爱会阻碍而不是促进进步)
//以色列复国，他们对自己民族的历史——圣经有一种狂热的信任。
//比如希特勒Hitler，给欧洲国家带来了巨大的伤害。
//苏联，soviet union ，Stalin曾经的高压统治，很多人被冤枉杀害，阻碍了国家的发展。
提纲小结：
1、爱国主义是国家稳定团结的重要力量。尊重国家历史，可以使得人们从历史中汲取力量，在关键时刻为维护自己民族的尊严和国家的稳定贡献自己力量。热爱自己民族文化，抵制自己周围对历史文化的亵渎和破坏。
2、沙文主义：chauvinistic,chauvinism。沙文主义往往对外是侵略，对内是高压管制。一方面对其他国家和其他民族是一种伤害，另外对自己的国家的人们也是一种束缚和压迫。
3、要对国家的历史进行批判的继承，需要基于一个case-by-case的analysis
历史的真实性
(110研究历史只是在讲故事。)
提纲小结：
1、研究历史重要的是客观的还原和记录历史的现实，他们的目的不是为了讲故事，和storyteller很不一样。可能会有人说记者不够客观，但是注意记者不是历史学家。
2、研究历史不光包括历史中的事件，还包括历史中的文化、古迹、科技成就等，因而历史学家还需要其他方面的知识。
3、当然，为了某种需要，有些历史不存在了，或者没有足够证据。所以有必要基于现有的历史遗迹进行分析、严密推理，进行补充。但这不等于随意捏造。
历史观点
A universal viewof history and the perception of present situation mutually sustain oneanother. As when see the totality of the past, so we experience the present.The deeper understanding we acquire in the past, the more sagacious decisionswe make in the present.( history)
德国对二战的教训：
In world war two,the chauvinism in Germanyled to great disaster not only to the Germans but also to the people of whole Europe. Fortunately, the government of Germany
leantfrom the history that chauvinism would be harmful, and thus takes effectiveactions to restrict the resurgence of Naziism in all of the aspects of society.
以色列复国。
In thereestablishment of Israel,the Bible played a crucial role.
历史短语词汇
watershedsociopolitical event 历史转折点
great humanachievements of the past
历史句子
个人与历史 48
History informs usthat it is almost always a key individual who provides the necessary impetus(推动力)
Generally speaking,then, undue(过分的) attention to the efforts and contributionof various groups tends to obscure the case-and-effect relationship with whichthe study of history is chiefly concerned.
I would be hardpressed to identify any watershed转折点sociopolitical event attributable to a leaderless group. History informs usthat groups rally(集合)only when incited(鼓动) and inspired by key individuals.
研究历史的意义 103 120
Helps us understand how recent, current, andprospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging发生ormay emerge and what causes are involved Lift spirits.
history has helpedus learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, ona societal level
In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in allour activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history caninspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history isto gain the capacity才能to be more human--and I would behard-pressed to imagine a worthier end.
Study history providesinspiration , innumerable lessons for living , and useful value-clarificationand perspective –all of which help us decide how to live our lives.
Provide motivationto face their own personal fears in life.
Help us getthrough the everyday business of living, whatever that business might be, by emboldening鼓励usand lifting our spirits.
Help us understandand appreciate the mores .风俗习惯, values ,and the ideals of past cultures. A heightened awareness of culturalevolution, in turn , helps us formulate规划informed and reflective深思熟虑的values and ideals of ourselves. base on these values andideals , students can determine their authentic真正的life path as well as how they should allot分配theirtime and interact with others on a day-to-day basis日常公事.
Appreciatinghistory can sever to elevate改善oureveryday chores日常工作to richer , moreinteresting and more enjoyable experiences.
Avoid repeatingmistakes
Attempts to legislate morality invariablyfail, as illustrated by Prohibition禁酒令inthe 1930s
历史是事实,是不会变的(127)
Nor can we alterfacts by virtue of our inclinations or passions when it comes to history.Admittedly, no person can truly know any particular past that the person didnot experience firsthand. In this sense history is a construct, created for usby reporters, archivists, and historians. Historical facts are therefore susceptibleto interpretation, characterization, and of course errors in commission andomission. This is not to say, however, that historical facts can be altered byour inventing versions that suit our inclinations or wishes. In short, anhistorical event is not rendered any less factual by either our ignorance orcharacterization of it.
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